ABSTRACT
The world of the twenty-first century has not experienced such a lockdown situation before, which leads to a complete shutdown of economy not until the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) came caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It becomes an unacceptable global threat to human lives. The COVID-19 has been known only worldwide in the last few months, but it is spreading in a speed of light from Wuhan, China, to the rest of the world. About 2 crore of people have been infected and more than 7 lakh of people have died worldwide till now due to the deadly SARS-CoV-2 infection. There are still no drugs exclusively available in the market for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection, though supportive treatment of hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, favipiravir, and remdesivir have shown clinical evidences to treat COVID-19. Therefore, it is utmost importance for the medicinal chemists to design and discover novel drugs urgently to rescue or to protect the humanity worldwide from this deadly virus. However, lack of experimental evidences and understanding the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 within this short period may hinder the process of drug discovery. Still a ray of hope resides in the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses (SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV) as these are homologous. Therefore, depending on the established viral target proteins (spike protein, ACE-2, 3CLpro, PLpro, RdRp, helicase, as well as other viral proteins), novel chemical entities may be designed. In this context, several computational modeling approaches (generally structure-based modeling techniques) may be utilized which are cost-effective and less time-consuming. Different structure-based modeling techniques, namely, homology modeling, robust molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulation, and structure-based pharmacophore mapping followed by in silico virtual screening, may be effective and fruitful approaches to design compounds against SARS-CoV-2. In this chapter, various structure-based drug design and discovery strategies from target identification that could be optimized against SARS-CoV-2 have been discussed in detail. Additionally, ongoing and previously reported computational modeling techniques performed by different groups of researchers on various SARS-CoV-2 target proteins have been highlighted elaborately. In addition to the identification techniques of drugs, this chapter also discloses their binding mode of action along with the pharmacokinetics and toxicity criteria computed by modeling techniques. This chapter, therefore, may be a stepping-stone for the researchers to open up a new horizon in the discovery of novel anti-coronavirus drugs in the future.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To identify general people’s actual knowledge, awareness, and perception about COVID-19 and to facilitate healthcare organizations, responsible authority, and general people. Material and Methods: Cross sectional online survey. Necessary data have been collected from the responses of questionnaires and the questionnaires have been developed utilizing Google form. The study covered 50 participants from various countries from the author's network. We considered a systematic flow diagram from March 25 to March 31, 2020 including demographic information of participants. Results: Al-most 74% of the participants clearly describe and explain all the ques-tions and still, 26% of the participants are not clear about their idea regarding COVID-19 disease. Moreover, the perceptions provided by the participants are also close to the guidelines of WHO and National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China regarding COVID-19. Only few participants’ understandings are not fully com-pleted compared to their guidelines. The current mental status was also analyzed in this study wherein 51% participants stated that they are suffering from mental stress and depression due to this virus. Conclusion: It is necessary to identify and improve the actual knowledge, aware-ness, and perception to control the spread of COVID-19. More awareness activities from responsible authority are required. Moreover, this survey will facilitate healthcare organizations and responsible authority to design their awareness activities in this critical moment. Additionally, general people will get benefited and prepared themselves to read the perceptions of the individual participator.